The Scarlet Letter Study Guide

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, is a classic of early American literature. Written at a time when American cultural identity was starting to develop, the author portrays a believable representation of a Puritan colony during the nation’s earliest days. The book tells the story of Hester Prynne, a woman in 17th century Boston—then known just as the Massachusetts Bay Colony—who is forced to wear a scarlet â€Å"A† on her chest as punishment for having a baby out of wedlock. Through the story of Hester, Hawthorne explores the community as a whole and the norms and mores under which it operates. Fast Facts: The Scarlet Letter Title: The Scarlet LetterAuthor: Nathaniel HawthornePublisher: Ticknor, Reed FieldsYear Published: 1850Genre: Historical fictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Shame and judgment, public vs. private, scientific and religious beliefsMain Characters: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, PearlNotable Adaptations: The 2010 teen comedy film â€Å"Easy A,† starring Emma Stone was partially inspired by the novel.Fun Fact: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s last name originally didn’t contain the â€Å"w,† but he added it to distance himself slightly from his family’s past. Plot Summary In mid-17th century Boston, then known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a woman named Hester Prynne is made to stand on a scaffold in the town square and endure abuse for several hours as punishment for birthing a child out of wedlock. The townspeople heckle her and implore her to reveal the child’s father, but she refuses. While this occurs, a stranger arrives in the colony and watches from the back of the crowd. When Hester is brought to her cell, the stranger visits her, and it is revealed that the man is her presumed dead husband from England, Roger Chillingworth. Once  Hester is released from jail, she lives alone with her daughter, Pearl, and dedicates herself to needlepointing. She lives in isolation from the rest of the community, which has scorned her. As Pearl grows up, she develops into a rambunctious young child, so much so that members of the town say that she should be removed from her mother’s care. Upon hearing this, Pearl makes an impassioned plea to the governor, who rules in her favor after the popular town minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, speaks to support her. While Hester is living alone with Pearl, Dimmesdale, whose health has begun to deteriorate, has found a new roommate: Chillingworth—who, as a physician, was assigned to take care of the beloved minister. This poses a problem for Dimmesdale, who is desperate to hide his shame from the rest of the community. At one point, though, the doctor sees a dark mark on the priest’s chest. Later, Dimmesdale is out walking one night, and winds up at the scaffold, where he reflects that he cannot bring himself to admit his guilt. He runs into Hester and Pearl. They talk and Hester reveals that she will tell Chillingworth the identity of Pearl’s father. This sends Dimmesdale into an even deeper depression, and he ultimately reveals himself to be Pearl’s father in front of the town upon the scaffold, shortly after giving one of his most rousing sermons. He then dies in Hester’s arms. Hester moves back to England (though she ultimately returns) with Pearl, who receives a large inheritance from Chillingworth upon his death. Major Characters Hester Prynne. Hester is the protagonist and wearer of the eponymous totem. She is a very independently minded woman, as evidenced by her committing adultery and her behavior after the fact. She is also a morally upright person in general—as opposed to the rest of the townspeople who believe themselves to be but aren’t. She eventually works her way back, somewhat, into the town’s good graces through her deeds, and ultimately rejects both of her suitors in favor of blazing her own trail. Arthur Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale is the town’s beloved minister, a public role he uses to shield his private involvement in an affair with Hester. Throughout the book he feels deep guilt and inner conflict over his behavior and public deceit—which ultimately kills him. Roger Chillingworth. Chillingworth is Hester’s older husband from England, but he did not come over with her, and is presumed dead by Hester, making his arrival quite surprising. He is a physician by trade, and is therefore assigned by the town to take care of Dimmesdale when his health begins to worsen. Pearl. Pearl is Hester’s (and Dimmesdale’s) daughter, and, as such, is the living embodiment of Hester’s â€Å"guilt†Ã¢â‚¬â€and of her love and goodness, too. Pearl is often referred to as devilish, and at one point the townspeople try to have her taken away from Hester as further punishment. She never learns her father’s identity, or the meaning of the â€Å"A.†Ã‚   Major Themes Shame and Judgment. From the very beginning, the colony judges Hester and makes her feel ashamed for her actions, even though she was just following her heart and didn’t really hurt anybody. Dimmesdale, too, feels shame for his role in the affair, but he isn’t judged for it, since it remains a secret to all but him and Hester. Public vs. Private. Hester’s role in the affair is very public, and she is, therefore, punished very cruelly for it. Dimmesdale, on the other hand, escapes punishment because his role is unknown. As a result, she must bear her burden outwardly, which is painful no doubt, but she can exorcise it, whereas Dimmesdale must keep it to himself, which ultimately kills him. Scientific and Religious Beliefs. Through the relationship between Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, Hawthorne explores the differing roles in Puritan society of science and religion. The story is set at a time just before the Scientific Revolution, so it is still a deeply religious community. This can be seen through Dimmesdale, who is quite popular and an established authority figure, as opposed to Chillingworth, who is an outsider and new to the colony.   Literary Style The novel is framed by an opening story, â€Å"The Custom-House,† in which the narrator, who bears many biographical similarities to Nathaniel Hawthorne, tells of his time working at the customs house in Salem. There he discovers a scarlet â€Å"A† and a manuscript that tells of the happenings in the colony a century earlier; this manuscript then forms the basis of the novel, which is written by the narrator of â€Å"The Custom-House.† The book creates a convincing representation of life in one of America’s earliest communities, and makes use of the lexicon of that time. About the Author Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to an old Puritan family; one of his ancestors was the only judge involved in the Salem Witch Trials who never repented his actions. Hawthorne’s work, which focused mostly on life in New England, was part of the Romanticism movement, and usually contained dark themes and love affairs, and deeply moral and complex psychological portraits. He is considered a pioneer of American literature and one of the nation’s greatest novelists.

A Sample Business Plan - 2651 Words

A SAMPLE BUSINESS PLAN Your Business, Inc. A well-written business plan is a crucial ingredient in preparing for business success. Without a sound business plan, a firm merely drifts along without any real direction. Yet, entrepreneurs, who tend to be people of action, too often jump right into a business venture without taking time to prepare a written plan outlining the essence of the business. You should begin by writing down the answer to the very basic question, What business am I in? This may sound elementary, but answering this question with thought and consideration will help you focus on the major purpose of the business, which leads to establishing goals and objectives. In turn, these†¦show more content†¦Mr. lsiah M. Gradient 113 Broughton Road Hamilton, New York 13346 (315) 555-6871 . Work experience: 1976-Present Quadrant Surveying Engineering Co., Hamilton, New York. Managing partner. Supervi ses internal managerial operations, including financial, accounting, personnel, and planning duties. 1971-1975 New York Department of Health Sanitation, Albany, New York. District Maintenance Engineer. Designed water and sewage projects for cities. Supervised staff of twelve. 1966-1970 Hi-tech Survey Co., Albany, New York Technician. Worked part-time as field crew member performed various surveying duties. Education: University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Master of Business Administration. GPR of 40/4.0. 1975-1976 1966-1970 Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. Bachelor of Science degree, in Civil Engineering. References: Mr. John Molooney Dr. Fred Target Assistant Vice President Professor of Engineering Con-Edison Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute New York, New York 10014 Troy, New York 12181 (212) 555-2268 (518) 555-3196 Mr. Sam Hough Certified Public Accountant Charlottesv ille, Virginia 22201 (804)Show MoreRelatedSample of Business Plan3354 Words   |  14 PagesThe following business plans are examples of what a completed business plan might look like. Use the instructions and information included in The Business Plan for Independent Inventors to fill out your own business plan. Sample Business Plan for American Management Technology (AMT) 1.0 Executive Summary By focusing on its strengths, its key customers, and the underlying values they need, American Management Technology will increase sales to more than $10 million in three years, while alsoRead MoreSample Business Plan4113 Words   |  17 Pagescourteous staff. F. 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Chinese New Year †Short Essay Free Essays

Chinese New Year China is the first one of the cradles of world civilization, 5000 years of history makes China more powerful. There are many China’s unique festivals, like Mid-Autumn Festival, Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Winter Festival and Chinese New year. Especially Chinese New Year remains the most important social and economic holiday in China. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese New Year – Short Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the Beginning of Spring. Its origin is too old to be traced. Several explanations are hanging around. All agree, however, that the word â€Å"Nian†, which in modern Chinese solely means â€Å"year†, was originally the name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new year. In Chinese New Year, we have many rules and customs. We will sweep the dust, pasting paper cuts and spring couplet, staying up late on New Year’s Eve, dress up in red, give red envelope, etc. â€Å"Dust† is homophonic with â€Å"Chen† in Chinese, which means old and past. In this way, â€Å"sweeping the dust† before the Spring Festival means a thorough cleaning of houses to sweep away bad luck in the past year. This custom shows a good wish of putting away old things to welcome a new life. In a word, just before the Spring Festival comes, every household will give a thorough cleaning to bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new. Paper-cuts, usually with auspicious patterns, give a happy and prosperous atmosphere of the Festival and express the good wishes of Chinese people looking forward to a good life, in addition to pasting paper-cuts on windows. The Spring Couplet†, also called â€Å"couplet† and â€Å"a pair of antithetical phrases†, is a special form of literature in China. The Spring Couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door and a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, usually an auspicious phrase, above the gate. The tradition of staying up late to see New Year in originat ed from an interesting folk tale. In ancient China there lived a monster named Year, who was very ferocious. Year always went out from its burrow on New Year’s Eve to devour people. Therefore, on every New Year’s Eve, every household would have supper together. In Chinese New Year, we will dress up in red and go to relatives’ Houses to visit. The red color means luck for Chinese people, so we like to have everything red. People who are married need to prepare some red envelopes that contains money, so when people come to their house, they will get it to the people who are not married or children. When it’s Chinese New Year, children and teenagers get so excited about it, because they can get a lot of money from the red envelopes. How to cite Chinese New Year – Short Essay, Essay examples

Mental illness Population Studies

Question: Discuss about theMental Illnessfor Population Studies. Answer: Introduction: Mental illness is like a two edged sword. On the one side of it, people struggle with their disabilities and symptoms of it and on the other side they face many issues because of their surrounding and because of injustice happening with them. Mental illness is quite common now days. Most of the people surviving by this illness doing well but sometimes when they lose the control they become out of control. Earlier police was not responding it properly. Even the cops have shot many people surviving with this illness. But now they have trained properly to respond the people properly and make them feel better towards the society and environment. It has been found that people who has experienced a serious disorder is quite like to live in poverty. Currently, the patient of mental illness is not treated properly in the society. The society, friends, family and organization of the individual believes that such person is of no worth and they cannot do anything without the help of others. Mental Illness: Mental illness is a health condition which involves many changes in emotions, behavior and thinking of a human being. This illness is mainly associated with problems or distress functioning in work, family and social activities. Mental illness is very common now days. According to a research, 19%, 24% and 12% US adults are experiencing some form of it, serious form of it and substance use disorder of it respectively (Corrigan, Watson Barr, 2006). The illness of mental is treatable. Almost all the individuals with mental illness are doing well in their daily lives. Multiple Disorders: There are many kinds of disorders due to mental illness. Some of them are as follows: Main disorder Major depressive Disorder Anxiety disorder Mood disorders Bipolar disorder Dysthymic disorder Panic Disorder Schizzophrenia Suicide Social phobia Specific phobia OCD PTSD Eating Disorders Autism Personality Disorders Agoraphobia Avoidant personality disorders (Rsch, Angermeyer Corrigan, 2005) Micro: Mental illness is quite different from normal stress or sadness. A person loses all of his senses such as thinking, behaving etc. Mental illness makes it difficult for the survivor to cope up with all of his daily routine (Pustilnik, 2005). Sometimes, it is not easy to understand that it is really mental illness or normal stress. If a person is not treated on time, it could be worsen. At an individual level, the root of mental illness could be some genetic issues, Parental damage, Individual is never supported by his family, chemical imbalance in the body of individual, attachment from somebody, Life failure, poverty etc. If an individual face any of the above mentioned factors, than he could be a patient of mental illness. At micro level, the oppression of individual, small group or a family is taking care of. An individual goes through many steps due to mental illness. Mostly, the behavior of such kind of people is not understandable (Corrigan, Kerr Knudsen, 2005). An individual with this illness may be criticized every time by his own family and friends. And it is also found that people make a stereotype that such person cannot do anything perfectly. An individual or a small group may experience immense sense of loss of interest, lack of motivation, energy, despair etc. Family and society must have a positive outlook towards them; they must motivate such humans and help them to come over it. A communication with such people can help them to come over it (Mechanic, McAlpine Rochefort, 2013). Family and relatives must give their ears to their problems and try to sort it out. All of it could help the individual in reducing the stress and thus the illness could be overcome. Mezzo: At mezzo level, a person could face the mental illness because of a bad relationship with colleague or boss, inability to do work, not capable enough to meet the job requirement, not able to fulfill the social expectation, communication issue with colleague and boss or people outside, some psychological issues, fear etc. A person with mental disability finds it difficult to work with effectively. The working life of those guys gets change completely because of the changes they are facing in their life (Corrigan, 2005). At the workplace, they feel nervous or they fail to give their 100% to their work. In the organization, they find it difficult to communicate with everybody. Even sometimes they become uncontrollable. At this level, an individual start losing his tolerance power and a high suspicion level of outsider is felt by him. They find it complicated to deal with anybody. It becomes tough for them to set all the things perfectly. For make a control over it and for resolving the illness, organization and colleague must help them by maintain a good relationship with them, hearing them patiently, helping them in their work and believing them that they could do this work (Charmaz, 2011). A person who is facing this level of illness must consult his doctor and take treatment. Macro: At macro level, the root of mental illness could be sociological factor, political and legal factor, cultural factor, government, social events, stress due to some legal factor, poverty, social expectation, esteem, stereotype etc (Corrigan Kleinlein, 2005). A person with mental disability could not work with effeciency. The working life of those guys gets change completely because of the changes they are facing in their life. In the society, they feel nervous or they get fail to give their 100% to their social and political life. In the Society, they find it difficult to communicate with everybody. Even sometimes they become uncontrollable. At this level, an individual start losing his tolerance power and a high suspicion level of outsider is felt by him (Angermeyer Dietrich, 2006). They find it complicated to deal with anybody. It becomes tough for them to set all the things perfectly. For make a control over it and for resolving the illness, society, political and legal factor, government and police must help them by providing them a proper treatment and help them to maintain a good relationship with everybody. For it, they must treat every person diligently and must hear them patiently; helping them in their work and believing them that they could do any work (De Silva, McKenzie, Harpham Huttly, 2005). A person who is facing this level of illness must be taking care by every member of the society so that they could also live their life happily. Conclusion: After doing a study on mental illness and its level and the root of the mental illness at many places, it has been concluded that the patient of mental illness must be taking care by everybody to make them feel good for themselves and for the society. They must not be the part of any injustice and government must introduce some policies for them. A good policy would help such people in live their life happily and would even help them to overcome from this illness. Family, group, organization and society must be kind for them and try to understand them and motivate them to do their work. It would help them to feel that they are of some worth and this would help them to reduce the illness of theirs. References: Angermeyer, M. C., Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: a review of population studies.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,113(3), 163-179. Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded theory methods in social justice research.The Sage handbook of qualitative research,4, 359-380. Corrigan, P. W. (2005).On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Association. Corrigan, P. W., Kleinlein, P. (2005). The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma. Corrigan, P. W., Kerr, A., Knudsen, L. (2005). The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory models and methods for change.Applied and Preventive Psychology,11(3), 179-190. Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., Barr, L. (2006). The selfstigma of mental illness: Implications for selfesteem and selfefficacy.Journal of social and clinical psychology,25(8), 875-884. De Silva, M. J., McKenzie, K., Harpham, T., Huttly, S. R. (2005). Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review.Journal of epidemiology and community health,59(8), 619-627. Mechanic, D., McAlpine, D. D., Rochefort, D. A. (2013).Mental health and social policy: Beyond managed care. Pearson Higher Ed. Pustilnik, A. C. (2005). Prisons of the mind: Social value and economic inefficiency in the criminal justice response to mental illness.The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-),96(1), 217-266. Rsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma.European psychiatry,20(8), 529-539.

Different Subculture

Introduction Sociology is the study of different societies. The goal of this field of study is social welfare and it can be at a personal level or at a systems level. Nowadays, sociology is molded through many channels including the internet, law, health class, religion, and military among many other disciplines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A subculture is a group of individuals characterized by different norms and values that is unique to the rest of the broader society it constitutes. Subcultures are constantly evolving, changing with times to reflect new developments; others die off whereas others reemerge after years of being alienated. It is therefore very difficult to assess exactly how subcultures are divided using a standard means. Some subcultures are specific to a certain geographic location while others are specific to an era. It can th erefore be a mistake for a sociologist to generalize and stereotype any subculture. One must delve into the specifics of an individual subculture in order to draw conclusive and accurate information about it. Subcultures are mostly subject to commercialization (Blair, 1993, p. 22) making them loose their specificity. Their styles are adopted by mass culture as fashion and once this happens, they tend to be assimilated into the main cultural practices loosing the title of subcultures. Alternatively, the subculture may be forced to alien itself from mainstream practice in a bid to remain relevant and avoid imminent death. After the hip-hop subculture was adopted by businesses for commercial purposes, others started facing the same threat. It was shocking when the punk subculture’s way was introduced into the mass market because it was characterized by non-conventional ways of dressing and jewelry. Like Duchamp’s ‘ready mades’ – manufactured objects wh ich qualified as art because he chose to call them such, the most unremarkable and inappropriate items – a pin, a plastic clothes peg, a television component, a razor blade, a tampon – could be brought within the province of punk (un)fashion†¦Objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks’ ensembles; lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic ‘utility’ context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, ear or lip†¦fragments of school uniform (white bri-nylon shirts, school ties) were symbolically defiled (the shirts covered in graffiti, or fake blood; the ties left undone) and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops (Guins and Cruz, 2005, p. 361).Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Ameri can society is very diverse in race, religion and in class. This makes it one of the most unique cultures with differing opinions and lifestyles. The subcultures of the American society can be classified according to the most popular aspects such as slang, music, arts, politics and clothing. To a large extent these aspects are the ones which almost solely divide the larger culture into smaller ones. You are what you wear Dressing is one of the broadest areas that one can endeavor to determine the constitution of subcultures. With the fashion trends changing constantly, it is hard to determine what is most popular as it inevitably changes. There could be a massive number of subcultures defined by the wardrobe as fashion for yesteryears eventually finds its way back into the mainstream market. There is a group of people especially those celebrities in the music industry who are defined exclusively by what and how they wear. Lowly hanging jeans, long t-shirts, baseball caps and sneaker s can all be associated with hip-hop culture. Most videos released by these artists are usually characterized by bright clothes that stand out. This subculture is defined by the choice of clothing and footwear although not exclusively. On the contrary, other artists who participate in other genres also have their signature clothing including fashion models. It is not to say that this trend is only common in the US but even in other parts of the world like in Armenia where police are investigating a group of adherents of emo music and clothing. Dancing is our way of life Nowadays, there are a number of competitions that strive to unearth the best dancers everywhere around the world; not just in America. Although most of these competitions are in America, the dance culture is one that is mainly observed by the younger generations everywhere. There is a large number of youth who are so absorbed by the dancing that they hardly do anything else. Hip-hop also influences this subculture as it does that of clothing. Therefore, the conclusion is that hip-hop is not a subculture but rather a culture associated with a large number of people. We are urban These are small groups of people living in urban areas, who share a common ideology. They share a dress code, have the same patterns of behavior and even share the same views about matters of global interest.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They seem to have an emotional attachment to each other and this gives them the unique characteristics that define them. â€Å"Urban tribes are groups of people who have never married between the ages of 25 and 45 who gather in common-interest groups and enjoy an urban lifestyle, which offers an alternative to traditional family structures† (Watters, 2003, p. 68). Our sexual orientation defines us In the 1960’s, there was a countercultura l rejection of what society largely viewed as the sexually and gender accepted ways. These set the ground work for proliferation of subcultures that were defined by their sexual orientation and views. The trend was rampant in the urban areas in comparison to other areas where traditional sex and gender norms were still being observed. As with other subcultures, this group also had its own dress code and gestures in a bid to differentiate themselves from the mainstream society. Homosexuals were the largest subculture that expressed itself through the gay culture. However, with its increased adaptation and expression in music and designs in the 21st century, it seems to have outgrown the limits of subcultures and is now widely regarded as mainstream hence a culture on its own. There are however some subcultures among homosexuals and lesbians that stemmed from the queer movement (Gelder, 2007, p. 56) which rejected normal behavior and whose growth has largely been attributed to academi c interests in its study and theory. An example of a subculture of homosexuals is that which some African-Americans identify with and define as being on the down-low, characterized by specific attire usually adopted from the hip-hop culture. I’m a nerd These people also largely referred to as geeks. They are characterized by a fascination of reading and technology. They are enthusiastic about science fiction and usually love to role play the most famous science fiction movies or just play games on the computer or other electronic gaming device. Conclusion Studying subcultures primarily involve studying symbolism in many aspects. While clothing and music make up the largest categories associated with different people, there are others that may be as important. Symbolism is studied in comparison to how the wider society views the players (Hebdige, 1979, p. 129), and it is obvious in the discussion above that members of subcultures usually conform to the same norms be it physica l outlook or mannerism. As subcultures may go against the grain of certain organizations, there are instances where they have been legislated against.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Blair, M.E. (1993). Commercialization of Rap Music Youth Subculture.  Journal of Popular Culture 27(3), 21-33 Gelder, K. (2007). Subcultures: cultural histories and social practice. New York: Routledge Guins, R and Cruz, O. Z. (2005). Popular Culture: a reader. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd Watters, E. (2004).Urban Tribes: Are Friends the New Family? New York: Bloomsbury Publishing This research paper on Different Subculture was written and submitted by user Bryleigh England to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

11 and Michael Moore †Intro to Film Essay

Fahrenheit 9/11 and Michael Moore – Intro to Film Essay Free Online Research Papers Fahrenheit 9/11 and Michael Moore Intro to Film Essay Michael Moore deals with the taboo subject of politics with his film Fahrenheit 9/11. This documentary uses the rhetorical form of film making as its main purpose is to persuade the viewer to agree with Moores point of view. Regardless, of ones political view, this film is not likely to leave the audience indifferent to the opinions portrayed in the movie. Fahrenheit 9/11 is a powerful movie that effectively gets Moores message across but what is it that make the film efficacious? There are several aspects of the film that should be considered in terms of its effectiveness. One is that the movie uses the rhetorical form which means the entire focus of the film is to convince the audience of something and it contains some powerful arguments. This film uses three types of arguments: from source, subject centered, viewer-centered arguments. Each one of these elements contributed to making this film and its message more compelling and credible and each one of these elements will be discussed in further detail after a brief summary of the movie is given. As previously mentioned, Fahrenheit 9/11 is Moore’s attempt to link the Bush administration to the tragic events of 9/11. Moore spends the first part of movie giving evidence of this connection, using documents, interviews, and news footage. Supposedly, there is major deceit and gross negligence on behalf of the current president that caused the terrorist attacks. With this premise, Moore narrates a convincing story. From here, Fahrenheit 9/11 explores the results of September 11, 2001 from the Patriot Act to airport security to the war in Iraq. The end of the movie ties both these aspects together by appealing to the viewer’s emotion with scenes of the poor, soldiers, and their families. The purpose of the film is to convince its audience of the Bush administration’s wrongdoing so this type of documentary is considered to be rhetorical. If the viewer is a republican, Moore tires to expose the Bush administrations lies and persuade them to believe what he feels are the true values of that party, money. If the viewer is a democrat, then it seems Moore is trying to convince them of how important it is to remove the current administration. This is, of course, Moore’s opinion which is a characteristic of the rhetorical documentary. However, it does make use of evidence to help prove his point even if at times this proof is bias and, perhaps, purposely misleading. The last aspect of rhetorical documentaries, appealing to the audiences emotions, is perhaps the films most powerful element because it forces the viewer to see and think about things they may not normally have to, say, watching the news. Even if one does not agree with Moores politics, they are bou nd to be touched by the stories heard and images seen in the movie. This use of emotion is a device Moore uses to present his arguments more profoundly. One such argument is viewer-centered, which simply means that the filmmaker is using emotional footage to help persuade the audience of a particular opinion. Moore shows images that do not play too often on American television. He personalizes the war in Iraq by showing the atrocities that are happening there everyday. We do hear about the U.S. soldiers that have died there but rarely are the injured ones mentioned. In the film, you get to hear their point of view on the war and about their point of view about their various injuries, from nerve damage to lost limbs. Fahrenheit 9/11 also shows the suffering of the Iraqi people themselves. He interviewed Iraqis talking about how men carry around their dead wives in their arms and showed pictures of Iraqi women with severe face and head injuries due to the misuse of napalm. It showed dead Iraqis being piled into the back of a truck, a scene not at all dissimilar or unlike some depicting the Holocaust. Moore also interviews and follows a mother whose son was killed in war, showing her crying and getting into an argument with someone who was pro-war. In all these instances, Moore wants the audience to feel deep sympathy for all the people who have been effected negatively by the war, a war started by the Bush administration. This aforementioned war moves directly into another argument for rhetorical documentaries, subject-centered arguments, meaning an argument related to the films main subject. The main argument in Fahrenheit 9/11 is that the war in Iraq was started so Bush and is political friends could get richer and cover up their own connections to 9/11 and the Bin Laden family. Moore presents this arguments in several ways. According to Moore, instead of trying to find weapons of mass destruction or protecting the Iraqi people by removing Saddam Hussein, the war was started because of how much money Bush and his associates stood to make from it. As the narrator, Moore entered President Bushs thoughts after he found out about 9/11 and asked the question â€Å"which one of them screwed me†. With this statement, Moore setting up the next few possible scenarios of who was behind the 9/11 attacks. According to Moore, when Bush determines that it is Bin Laden that was the culprit, he chose to bla me Saddam Hussein by making false accusations about him having weapons of mass destruction and a connection to Al Qaida, Bin Ladens terrorist group. Bush needed to blame Saddam Hussein because he did not want people learning about his financial and personal connections with the Bin Laden family. Saddam, it seems, was a good scapegoat because while fighting a war on Terror in Iraq, Bush and his associates could make millions of dollars for their various companies,like Unocal and Haliburton, in the process. His attempt to prove this was by providing footage of several corporations having a meeting discussing how much money they could make from the war in Iraq. The film showed scenes of both Bush Jr. and Sr. cavorting with Saudis who had invested in their various companies. To emphasize this relationship, the film showed scenes of Bush and the Saudi while playing the song Shiny Happy People by REM in the background to convince viewers how close they are. Saudi Arabia just happened to be where Bin Laden and his very wealthy family are from. The movie also states The Saudis own 7 percent of U.S. wealth and if they were to take out all of their money invested in America, U.S. economy could collapse. Telling information like this, although one-sided, does give the appearance that Moore is well informed and knowledgeable about this subject. Thus, the last argument is from source, which is presenting the film as a reliable source of information. Moore may be most adept in this argument because, in some cases, his opinion are confirmed by the very person he is saying them against. For instance, when Moore states that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, he reinforces this statement by showing Bush and members of his party saying, pre- 9/11, that Saddam has no weapons of mass destruction. Moore also used news clips from channels like CNN and FOX networks that are considered trustworthy and credible. He also supports his opinion by interviewing people in prominent positions like congressmen. Moore is also able to present himself as a believable and educated person, even if this may not be true. As the narrator, he can talk in first person making the narration more personal. Moores voice, as well as its tone, changes in relation to the topic at hand. If he is talking about soldiers, their families, or the Iraq i people his voice is filled with compassion. When talking about Bush and his friends his tone of voice is sometimes indifferent as if he were merely presenting facts, but at other times, depending on the subject, his tone would become sarcastic. Moore also proves himself to be researched and visionary when he talks about Bushs National Guard record. Moore he requested a copy of this document, which proves another connection with the Bin Ladens, in 2000 and then one in 2004, when controversy about it surfaced. In the 2004 version a name was blacked out, which was the evidence in this link between Bush and Bin Laden. This name was not marked out in the 2000 one, however. Moore is able to show that he was suspicious of Bush long before other people were. This documentary in its rhetorical form can be considered a piece of propaganda but regardless of if you agree with the opinions it expresses or believe the message trying to be conveyed, it is hard to ignore because it makes such strong accusations. Fahrenheit 9/11 is a commentary on current American life and regardless of its truth, it does send a powerful and controversial message that raises questions and does deserve discussion. This ultimately may have been Moores point. 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The Assassination of President Garfield (Document Analysis Assignment) Research Paper

The Assassination of President Garfield (Document Analysis Assignment) - Research Paper Example The document under analysis was written in the context of Guiteau assassinating the president, an act he asserted was of political necessity. On the fateful day, July 2, 1881, Guiteau tracked the President to the then Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station where he shot him. Guiteau immediately surrendered to authorities, saying he was the â€Å"The Stalwart of the Stalwarts.†2 Although he said that he was â€Å"Stalwart of the Stalwarts†, it is evident that he was merely disgruntled as he states in his letter that â€Å"the President proved a traitor to those who made him president.† 3 Stalwarts were a late 19th century group of Republicans under the leadership of one Roscoe Conkling who supported President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) for a third term in office. This clique opposed the moderate Republicans who wanted civil reforms and often fought for the control of the Republican Party. Later, the opposing groups would settle on James A. Garfield for the Republican ticket at the Republican national convention in 1880. Guiteau arrived at his decision to assassinate President Garfield arguing that the latter was ungrateful to the Stalwarts after allowing himself to be manipulated by the Secretary of State to plot to murder Senator Conkling and General Arthur Grant. It is widely believed that Guiteau’s plot to assassinate the Pr esident originated from his belief that he was principally responsible for Garfields victory and should have been rewarded with an ambassadorship for his vital help to the President. 4 The two postings he wanted for himself but were constantly rejected by the President and the Cabinet were Paris and Vienna. Without family, friends, and almost penniless, Guiteau grew increasingly isolated and depressed and decided that the President Garfield had to be removed. That Guiteau was the only one obsessed with President Garfield and disgruntled with the latter’s government to the point of